Top Choices of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples

Top Choices of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples Have students stand beside their desk. This has totally altered the way that people contact with one another. If you wish to get a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you want! The two of these offers she refuses. It's a byproduct of the web, of mass communication and data. Don't be afraid to turn into one of our successful clients. Esperanza Rising Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? The Meeting Students' Needs column in every lesson consists of support for the two ELLs and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and a few supports can serve a wide selection of student requirements. Fix It Editing is a significant portion of any writing toolbox. Use details from the story to back up your viewpoint. Speak to us and find the best academic essay writing service and get rid of all of the feasible mistakes! In addition, it shows that we ought to learn how to appreciate the present as we don't understand when our l ife could come to a finish. They wish to instill this trait in their son. Th technique is to produce theinformation approachable, and create the reader care about what's being said. Yet it turned out to be an amazing example to provide their family members and children that sort of advise, not letting them down. Type of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples A best mother is someone that's caring, providing, and comprehension. Yet this fantastic depression affected all people in the significance of poor, rich folks. It gives her a very good lesson of her life that there's no life without difficulties. I will deal with everything. Firstly, people are able to request help timely when encountering troubles. Supplying the fundamental necessities is quite important to the bodily and mental health of a kid. Though there's no concrete evidence to definitely affirm the presence of aliens, it's probable that there's intelligent life in the cosmos. Esperanza's grandmother utilizes the z igzag pattern within her blanket for a method of explaining the ups and downs of life. She's no longer terrified of get downing over. When things are simple, you're at the very top of a mountain. Waiting to get up the cover of the mountain, and have an outstanding success. Life at the job camp is hard and unfair, especially in contrast to Esperanza's previous position of wealth. 9 Describe the function of Marta in connection with Esperanza in the novel. It is recommended. This activity should be started the day before you mean to play the game. These activities are for the entire class to participate in at the same time. The growth of technology changes the way that people interact with one another. There's much room for treatment concerning what rights citizens should hold. She'd ever hold fancy frocks and a stunning place full of retainers. Also, the majority of the students were made to drop out of school to aid their families in earning a living. What Does Espera nza Rising Essay Samples Mean? She doesn't accept this either. Throughout the novel, they have to start over repeatedly. The Esperanza Rising Essay Samples Cover Up What's more, aside from the countless papers on unique subjects, you may have a number of other responsibilities which require substantial attention. Also, you are going to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular issue. Some might also think there are cases where the government may think deportation is a fantastic concept, even though the book's point of view wouldn't support this. We promise you will never regret your choice! Review the next sample for a foundation for your own writing, but note that it's shorter than a standard essay. Thus, the essay for our staff it is simpler than ever.

Entrepreneurship Project Business Feasibility Analysis

ENTREPRENEURSHIP ASSIGNMENT: BUSINESS FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS Cozzie Co., Ltd. Bride coaching services 28Dec, 2012 AMERICAN ACCREDITED PROGRAM - FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY Feasibility Report Grade Sheet T eam Name: C ozzie Possible points Cover Sheet T eam Name, Proposed Company Name, Names of Team Members, D ate Introduction Provide a two or three sentence introduction to identify your product or service, and the purpose of your report. Your points 0 1 Phase 1: Product/Service Feasibi lity Analysis Discuss how you assessed the o verall appeal of the product or s ervice being proposed. Analyze your results and discuss your conclusions. What did you learn? What dec ision have you made about your product†¦show more content†¦Base this on your research — not on your personal opinion; cite your sources. Discuss the results of a Porter s Five Forces Analysis for your industry. Develop a set of criteria for determining how attractive the industry is. On a scale of 1 -5 (five is high), how attractive is the industry? What stage of the life cycle is the industry in? Describe any additional primary or secondary research you engaged in to 15 3|Page reach your conclusions. How many companies compete in t he industry? Are sales generally iincreasing or decreasing for companies in this industry? What trends do you see occurring in this industry? Refer to the Research Overview in this document. Market Timeliness Describe why the time is right for you to ent er the market — your window of opportunity. Refer to chapter 2. How timely is the introduction of your product or service? (Again, use a scale of 1 -5.) Justify your conclusion. Is your product/service an improvement to an existing product/service, or somet hing completely new? Is the current state of the broad environment helping or hindering you? Base your responses on your research — not on your personal opinions. Cite your sources. Identification of a Niche Market Describe the niche market (or markets) that your company will participate in. Explain why this particular market (or markets) is suitable for your startup. Describe the major challenges of competing in this market (or markets). How do youShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A New Business Program1334 Words   |  6 PagesWhenever a new business program is created, it explicitly employs a business model that is suitable for that particular business, which describes the design, the delivery and the mechanism it employs to achieve success. The core meaning of a business model is to define the value it delivers to its customers, make customer pay for the value provided, and converts these payments to profit (Teece, 2009). There are different types of business models and they suit different types of business. Berry (n.d)Read MoreNew Methods Of Financing, Marketing Strategy, And Resource Management919 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolved in creating new ventures. I studied new methods of financing , marketing strategy, industry analysis, and resource management. In the beginning of the course, I learned how to seek out an opportunity for new venture by exploring customers needs/ problems, window of opportunity, and identifying the stakeholders that will gain value from our company. My group and I thought long and hard about the business we wanted to create. We choose to provide customers a sport inspired environment where our customerRead MoreThe Decision Maker Is Sid Stevens1334 Words   |  6 Pages1. Short Cycle The decision maker is Sid Stevens, currently a project manager for a roofing company in Hamilton, Ontario. Sid is frustrated with his current job and is looking to start a new business. He has prepared a short business plan and a proposal to a local bank but he was turned down. His business plan is incomplete, he needs more equity, and he needs further research and financial information. 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OnRead MoreManagement and Feasibility Study7141 Words   |  29 Pageshttp://www.lccm.edu.ph La Consolacion College Manila FEASIBILITY STUDY AND BUSINESS PLANFEASIBILITY STUDY AND BUSINESS PLAN 2 Introduction This manual outlines the policies and procedures to ensure uniformity in the physical format of a business plan or feasibility study. Submission of this document is a step in a program leading to the awarding of a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration degree. Feasibility studies and business plans are scholarly publications that are the resultsRead MoreMy Passion For Medical Entrepreneurship By Random Assignment Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesfound my passion for medical entrepreneurship by random assignment. I was a senior bioengineer at Rice University listening to pitches for capstone design projects when I first met my mentor, Dr. Mehdi Razavi. He exuded an energy quite different from that of the bookish academics and polished corporate professionals that had been pitching their ideas up until that point. He showed up in green scrubs, no white coat, Starbucks coffee in hand, and simply introduced himself as Mehdi, omitting theRead MoreTim Cook6393 Words   |  26 PagesIdentification of Entrepreneurial Opportunities Selection of an Enterprise Steps in setting up of an Enterprise Unit II: Enterprise Planning and Resourcing * * * Business Planning - Preparation of a Project Report Resource Assessment -Financial and Non - Financial Fixed and Working Capital Requirement, Funds, Flows, Profit Ratios, Break Even Analysis etc. * * 20 Marks Mobilising Resources - Sources and Means of Fund, Facilities and Technologies for starting an Enterprise. Organising/Production ofRead MoreSummary Chapter 1 Johnson, Whittington Scholes993 Words   |  4 Pagescompany. Horizon 2: Where companies are creating new possibilities to gain profit. Figure 1. The three horizons framework Horizon 3: Were a company create viable options, where nothing is sure. For example, research and development project and start-up ventures. Cannot predict what is coming. In short it can be said that companies should focus on the long term strategy instead of only on the short term issues. The strategic direction: Strategies follow always a kind ofRead MoreManaging Projects2458 Words   |  10 PagesManaging projects 1. Introduction Watson Ltd. is a small size company creating and selling signage products to various companies of all shapes and sizes, including public institutions, small and medium size enterprises, as well as large size corporations. The organisation currently employs 16 staff members, as follows: a general manager, two assistant managers, three administration staffs, four design and sales staffs and six general operations staffs. Watson Ltd. operates out of a 2,500Read MoreDendel Winery Feasibility Study2851 Words   |  12 Pages OMM 614: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Bendel Vineyard Feasibility Study Dr. Sheila Schmitz December 07, 2009 Bendel Vineyard Feasibility Study – Lagos Nigeria Starting your own wine business is not the everyday business opportunity that everyone can simply jump into, because there are many aspects to consider in starting a winery. Conceivably the most fundamental problem an entrepreneur will face after expressing an interest in starting a new business or taking advantage of visible

Team Roles of a Football Team free essay sample

There are many different roles in the modern football team; teams consist of 11 players with one player in the goal and the rest playing outfield all the roles of the different members of the team are vital in the team winning a game. Goalkeeper The goalkeeper is a very specialised role compared to all the other members of a team, a goalkeeper will rarely end up playing in a different position, where as other members of the team e. . midfielder may swap positions with a winger. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands, but only within the penalty area, this is why goalkeepers wear a different jersey to the rest of the team so the referee can distinguish them between other players. The referee’s job is stop the other team scoring by preventing the ball from entering the goal for this reason there role is mainly defensive Defender The Defender plays behind the midfielders usually playing in the half of the field that there goal is located, There main responsibility is to prevent the opposition having a chance to get a shot on goal Defenders are split up into different categories-Left back, right centre-back, left centre-back, centre-back, right-back. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Roles of a Football Team or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Midfielder Midfielders are players who play between the strikers and the midfielders, there main responsibilities are to keep possession of the ball, receive the ball from the defenders and get it to the strikers and tackle other opposing players, most teams have a central midfielder with their main responsibility being to break up the other teams attacks while the other midfielders main objective is to create goal opportunities, midfielders play all over the pitch as at certain times during a match they may be required to help with defence or help attack with the strikers Strikers Strikers play nearest to the other team’s goal, the main responsibility of strikers is to score goals; there other responsibilities include setting up goals and holding the ball while waiting for other players to come join with attacking There are three main player styles Defensive, Midfield, and attackers Defensive player styles Libero A Libero or sweeper is a versatile type of defender that â€Å"sweeps up† the ball if an opponent manages to get past the defensive line They are usually faster than normal defenders, and move around the field more than usual defenders as they don’t have designated players to mark Stopper Stoppers are players who are strong , have good stamina and man marking abilities to be able to stop the other teams attacking play by making strong tackles, they usually play as defensive full backs or centre backs Wingbacks A wingback Is a defender that plays on the side of the pitch like a winger but’s main role are to play attack and defence heavily, as the role is a combined winger and full back, wing-backs need good stamina, as they have 3 centre backs supporting them, they can concentrate more on supporting strikers Mid fielding player styles Ball winners Ball winners are skilled players trained in making strong tackles and good at heading the ball to stop the other teams attacking play; they are usually defensive mid fielders or central midfielders Defensive midfielders Defensive midfielders are midfielders who mainly focus on defence, they are good at making strong tackles and require good stamina and must be good at passing the ball up to the attacking midfielders/Strikers Box To Box Box to box midfielders help with every part of the game, They cover almost every area of the pitch so they need lots of stamina as well as good passing skills, they usually play as central midfielders Playmaker Playmakers are midfielders whose main objective is to create goal scoring opportunities, it’s essential their able to read the game so they can get in the right position to create play, it’s also essential they have good ball control and good passing skill, they usually play as attacking midfielders Attacking playing styles Dribblers Dribblers use their speed and dribbling skill to get past defenders, there main aim is to create goal opportunities for other strikers, and they usually play as wingers or secondary strikers Counter Attackers Counter attackers use their speed to beat defenders and create unexpected goal opportunities, they also need good shooting skill, and they usually play as centre forwards Clinical Strikers Clinical striker’s main objective is to score goals so they are trained heavily to increase their shooting ability; they usually play as centre forwards Goal poachers Are players who wait in the penalty area for a cross or pass, as soon as they receive a ball they try to score straight away, they usually play as centre forwards Conclusion In conclusion a standard football team is split up into 4 main categories (Goalkeeper, Defense,Midfield,Strikers) usually with defence, midfield and strikers having different specialisations e. g. Counter attack-strikers, wingback-defender, every player has to work together to create a successful football team, they must all have good communication so every team member is aware if the team want to make an attacking play on goal or a more defensive play, Without good communication players will not know when the team is going to make an attacking play and will not be in the right position to help their team score a goal.

Train to Pakistan Review free essay sample

One of the most brutal episodes in the planet’s history, in which a million men, women, and children were killed and ten million were displaced from their homes and belongings, is now over half a century old. Partition, a euphemism for the bloody violence that preceded the birth of India and Pakistan as the British hurriedly handed over power in 1947, is becoming a fading word in the history books. First-hand accounts will soon vanish. Khushwant Singh, who was over thirty at the time, later wrote Train to Pakistan and got it published in 1956. Reprinted since then, reissued in hardcover, and translated into many languages, the novel is now known as a classic, one of the finest and best-known treatments of the subject. Khushwant Singh recreates a tiny village in the Punjabi countryside and its people in that fateful summer. When the flood of refugees and the inter-communal bloodletting from Bengal to the Northwest Frontier at last touches them, many ordinary men and women are bewildered, victimized, and torn apart. We will write a custom essay sample on Train to Pakistan Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Khushwant Singh sketches his characters with a sure and steady hand. In barely over two hundred pages, we come to know quite a cast: the powerful district magistrate-cum-deputy commissioner Hukum Chand, a sad but practical minded realist, and his minion the sub-inspector of police at district headquarters. The village roughneck Juggut Singh â€Å"Jugga†, a giant Sikh always in and out of prison, who secretly meets the daughter of the village mullah. The simple priest at the Sikh temple. A Western-educated visitor who is a worker for the Communist party, with the ambiguous name of Iqbal (ambiguous because it doesn’t reveal his religion). The village, Mano Majra, is on the railway line near where it crosses the swelling Sutlej. Its inhabitants, mostly Sikh farmers and their Muslim tenants, have remained relatively untouched by the violence of the previous months. When the village money-lender, a Hindu, is murdered, Jugga and the clean-shaven visitor are rounded up, and things change for the worse when an east-bound train makes an unscheduled stop at Mano Majra, the cars full of corpses. There have been many stories of Hindu and Sikh refugees being killed as they fled their homes from what was now Pakistan, but this train was the first such incident witnessed by the villagers. Khushwant Singh’s eye for detail and his love of the people shine through in his descriptions: the District Magistrate’s â€Å"style of smoking betrayed his lower middle-class origin. He sucked noisily, his mouth glued to his clenched fist. † The most heart-rending passage in the book is when the government makes the decision to transport all the Muslim families from Mano Majra to Pakistan. The dumbstruck villagers are overtaken by events. A small joint army convoy, containing one unit of Sikh soldiers and one of Baluch and Pathans, arrives in the village and orders the Muslims to board within ten minutes. They do so with the barest minimum of their meager belongings. The Muslim officer politely shakes hands with his Sikh colleague, and sets off with his caravan to Pakistan. The non-Muslim families don’t get a chance to say goodbye. This entire scene takes place after we are familiar with the characters, and it is painful at many levels: the poverty in which these people live; the terrible uncertainty they are suddenly cast into; the renting asunder of the attitudes and loyalties of the British Indian Army; and at least temporarily, the eclipse of people’s humanity. In Train to Pakistan, Khushwant Singh succeeds in showing the human dimension of the momentous event of Partition, through ordinary characters we can identify with. In the final climactic scene, the village *badmash* Jagga takes it upon himself to try to save a trainload of refugees, even at the cost of his own life. Khushwant Singh went on to become a famously truculent, humorous, and eccentric columnist and editor, but this is one book infused with his compassion and humanity. It is as if the author were trying to save the memory of a tragedy too horrible to forget, even at the cost of his own future reputation.

Antonio Gramsci - Biography and Intellectual Contributions

Antonio Gramsci - Biography and Intellectual Contributions Antonio Gramsci was an Italian journalist and activist who is known and celebrated for highlighting and developing the roles of culture and education within Marxs theories of economy, politics, and class. Born in 1891, he died at just 46 years of age as a consequence of serious health problems he developed while imprisoned by the fascist Italian government. Gramscis most widely read and notable works, and those that influenced social theory were written while he was imprisoned and published posthumously as  The Prison Notebooks. Today, Gramsci is considered a foundational theorist for the sociology of culture, and for articulating the important connections between culture, the state, the economy, and power relations. Gramsci’s theoretical contributions spurred the development of the field of cultural studies, and in particular, the field’s attention to the cultural and political significance of mass media. Gramscis Childhood and Early Life Antonio Gramsci was born on the island of Sardinia in 1891. He grew up in poverty amongst the peasants of the island, and his experience of the class differences between mainland Italians and Sardinians and the negative treatment of peasant Sardinians by mainlanders shaped his intellectual and political thought deeply. In 1911, Gramsci left Sardinia to study at the University of Turin in northern Italy and lived there as the city was industrialized. He spent his time in Turin amongst socialists, Sardinian immigrants, and workers recruited from poor regions to staff the urban factories. He joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1913. Gramsci  did not complete formal education, but was trained at the University as a Hegelian Marxist, and studied intensively the interpretation of Karl Marx’s theory as a â€Å"philosophy of praxis† under Antonio Labriola. This Marxist approach focused on the development of class consciousness and liberation of the working class through the process of struggle. Gramsci as Journalist, Socialist Activist, Political Prisoner After he left school, Gramsci wrote for socialist newspapers  and rose in the ranks of Socialist party. He and the Italian socialists became affiliated with Vladimir Lenin and the international communist organization known as the Third International. During this time of political activism, Gramsci advocated for workers’ councils and labor strikes as methods of taking control of the means of production, otherwise controlled by wealthy capitalists  to the detriment of the laboring classes. Ultimately, he helped found the Italian Communist Party to mobilize workers for their rights. Gramsci traveled to Vienna in 1923, where he met Georg  Lukcs, a prominent Hungarian Marxist thinker, and other Marxist and communist intellectuals and activists who would shape his intellectual work. In 1926, Gramsci, then the head of the Italian Communist Party, was imprisoned in Rome by Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime during its aggressive campaign of stamping out opposition politics. He was sentenced to twenty years in prison but was released in 1934 because of his very poor health. The bulk of his intellectual legacy was written in prison, and is known as â€Å"The Prison Notebooks.† Gramsci died in Rome in 1937, just three years after his release from prison. Gramscis Contributions to Marxist Theory Gramsci’s key intellectual contribution to Marxist theory  is his elaboration of the social function of culture  and its relationship to politics and the economic system. While Marx discussed only briefly these issues in his writing, Gramsci drew on Marx’s theoretical foundation to elaborate the important role of political strategy in challenging the dominant relations of society, and the role of the state in regulating social life and maintaining the conditions necessary for capitalism. He thus focused on understanding how culture and politics might inhibit or spur revolutionary change, which is to say, he focused on the political and cultural elements of power and domination (in addition to and in conjunction with the economic element). As such, Gramsci’s work is a response to the false prediction of Marx’s theory that revolution was inevitable, given the contradictions inherent in the system of capitalist production. In his theory, Gramsci viewed the state as an instrument of domination that represents the interests of capital and of the ruling class. He developed the concept of cultural hegemony to explain how the state accomplishes  this, arguing that domination is achieved in large part by  a dominant ideology expressed through social institutions that socialize people to consent to the rule of the dominant group. He reasoned that hegemonic beliefs dampen critical thought, and are thus barriers to revolution. Gramsci viewed the educational institution as one of the fundamental elements of cultural hegemony in modern Western society  and elaborated on this in essays titled â€Å"The Intellectuals†Ã‚  and â€Å"On Education.† Though influenced by Marxist thought, Gramsci’s body of work advocated for a multi-faceted  and more long-term revolution than that envisioned by Marx. He advocated for the cultivation of â€Å"organic intellectuals† from all classes and walks of life, who would understand and reflect the world views of a diversity of people. He critiqued the role of â€Å"traditional intellectuals,† whose work reflected the worldview of the ruling class, and thus facilitated cultural hegemony. Additionally, he advocated for a â€Å"war of position† in which oppressed peoples would work to disrupt hegemonic forces in the realm of politics and culture, while a simultaneous overthrow of power, a â€Å"war of maneuver,† was carried out.

Conversion Factor Definition and Examples

Conversion Factor Definition and Examples A conversion factor is the number or formula you need to convert a measurement in one set of units to the same measurement in another set of units. The number is usually given as a numerical ratio or fraction that can be used as a multiplication factor. For example, say you have a length that is measured in feet and you wish to report on it in meters. If you know that there are 3.048 feet in a meter, then you can use that as a conversion factor to determine what the same distance is in meters.   One foot is 12 inches long, and the conversion factor of 1 foot to inches is 12. In yards, 1 foot is equal to 1/3 yard (conversion factor of 1 foot to yards is 1/3) so forth. The same length is 0.3048 meters, and it is also 30.48 centimeters. To convert 10 feet to inches, multiply 10 times 12 (the conversion factor) 120 inchesTo convert 10 feet to yards, multiply 10 x 1/3 3.3333 yards (or 3 1/3 yards)To convert 10 feet to meters, multiply 10 x .3048 3.048 metersTo convert 10 feet to centimeters, multiply 10 x 30.48 304.8 centimeters Examples of Conversion Factors There many different types of measurements that sometimes require conversions: length (linear), area (two dimensional) and volume (three dimensional) are the most common, but you can also use conversion factors to convert mass, speed, density, and force. Conversion factors are used for conversions within the imperial system (feet, pounds, gallons), within the International System of Units (SI, and the modern form of the metric system: meters, kilograms, liters) or across the two.   Remember, the two values must represent the same quantity as each other. For example, its possible to convert between two units of mass (e.g., grams to pounds), but you generally cant convert between units of mass and volume (e.g., grams to gallons). Examples of conversion factors include: 1 gallon 3.78541 liters (volume)  1 pound 16 ounces (mass)  1 kilogram 1,000 grams (mass)  1 pound 453.592 grams (mass)1 minute 60000 milliseconds (time)  1 square mile 2.58999 square kilometers (area)   Using a Conversion Factor For example, to change a time measurement from hours to days, use a conversion factor of 1 day 24 hours. time in days time in hours x (1 day/24 hours) The (1 day/24 hours) is the conversion factor. Note that following the equal sign, the units for hours cancel out, leaving only the unit for days.

Writing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing assignment - Essay Example The interviewer was inquiring as to the trouble of instituting democracy in the Middle East and in so doing referred to a traditional concept that the individuals there are simply not capable of democratic order. In refuting this notion, Michael Scheuer remarks that the issue is not a sort of innate resistance to democracy, but instead the long ingrained combination of church and state in the region that makes instituting democracy a highly challenging process. Scheuer indicates that when the West points to its own prosperous ways and the democractic political process that they were brought about through, the Middle Eastern people still believe that this form of government is man-made and has turned its back on God. Scheuer goes as far as to argue that the least exportable thing the United States has is its democracy. The remark underlines one of the critical areas of difference between the United States and Middle Eastern states. Namely this difference is a core value system, with t he West pursuing a socially constructed sense of profit and equity, and the Middle Eastern clinging to an ancient religious order. Within this spectrum of thought, one begins to question the sociological elements that have led to the Middle East retaining their religious affiliations, while the United States has adopted a more profit-centered existence.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Essay Example Phylogenetic analysis of Mg-tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes reveals that anoxygenic photosynthetic processes became evident in primitive organisms like certain bacteria before the oxygenic variety in other organisms like cyanobacteria (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). Joint analyses of the pigment genes and reaction centers have yielded stronger evidence to this effect (Xiong and Bauer, 2002). At the time when photosynthesis became a rudimentary process for energy storage in arcane organisms cellular respiration was still to evolve and the energy release mechanism for utilizing the photosynthetic stored energy used processes that sourced their electrons from suppliers other water (Todar, Undated). Later, genetic transfer mechanisms between endosymbiotic bacteria, their closest living relatives being the proteobacteria, and their pre-eukaryotic cellular hosts inducted cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (Simpson et al, 2002) into the pre-eukaryotic system and cellular respiratio n became possible. Some time during the endosymbiotic processes there was gene transfer from the bacteria to the pre-eukarytic cells whereby the bacterial genome was reduced and much of the remaining genetic materials got encoded in the cellular nucleus while, locally, some of the bacterial genetic materials were encoded within the organelle, mitochondrion or otherwise, to form localized DNA entirely associated with organelle function (Chihade et al, 2000). While the induction of the mitochondria into the pre-eukaryotic cells to produce the eukaryotic system shall be dealt with later in the paper a short comparison by organisms will now be made of photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes. Comparison: The following table will be used to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the species of euglenoids that have primitive plastids (Borza et al, 2005). Euglenoids are either autotrophs, photosynthetic with chlorophyll a and b chloroplasts, or heterotrophs with parasitic or absorptive nutrition. Some of them also have motile mechanisms like flagella or cilia. It is notable that euglenoids with plastids acquired them through secondary endosymbiosis and, thus, the plastids are not as developed as those of more evolutionary advanced species (Borza et al, 2005). It is also notable that euglenoids with plastids also use absorptive nutrition, absorbing organic matter from their environs, as supplementary dietary processes. Though they may be photosynthetic they can respire both aerobically and anaerobically (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). Anaerobically, these organisms store energy in the form of fatty acids (waxes) that are broken down when oxygen becomes available more plentifully (Hoffmeister et al, 2004). This makes these organisms so interesting. It is notable that both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in euglenoids with chloroplasts are still not fully understood (Hoffmeister et al, 2004; Lonergan and Sargent, 1979). Nevertheless, these processes have been simplistically compared and contrasted in the following table. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Organism Euglena gracilis Euglena gracilis Energy Source Sunlight Chemical energy in sugars (anaerobic) and sugars/fatty acids

A Significant Symbol in U.S. Contemporary History Essay Example for Free

A Significant Symbol in U.S. Contemporary History Essay The statement above is just one of the several famous and affecting quotes from a former president of the United States of America, Dwight David Eisenhower. In this short and concise statement, his general principles, beliefs, and ideologies may be observed. This man with a huge heart for peace and humanity has been perceived by millions of Americans as a tough yet upright and high-profiled symbol of the government over the decades. However, this man who has been looked up to by the whole of America may be discovered to have humble beginnings—brought up from a simple family, he was an average boy who grew up to fulfill great dreams and great aspirations for the United States of America. On the 14th day of October in 1890, Dwight David Eisenhower, of David Eisenhower, a mechanic, and Ida Elizabeth Stover, a religious pacifist, was born (Kelly). As a child, he had to help his family and work with extra effort in order to suffice their everyday necessities. He was brought up in a simple yet very religious environment where people are exposed to real-life plain-living (The Eisenhower Foundation). He was born in Denison, Texas, but they eventually moved to Abilene in Kansas where he spent his early education in humble community schools. During this stage of his life, he was raised to be a fun loving youth who was fascinated with the Western American history and had always dreamed of getting into college and obtaining a degree which was considered an extravagance for families like his during that time (The Eisenhower Foundation). It was in Abilene where he had his early foundations, and it was also the place where he acquired his early values which eventually molded him to what people know him for—a noble and principled individual. Eisenhower joined the U. S. Military at West Point, New York on the 14th day of June in 1911 (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†). Here, he was made into a principled and trained fighter which helped him to reach the rank of Second Lieutenant on September 1915. This was the start of his career in the military which have been a difficult battle and a rich learning experience as well for the fighter Eisenhower. In his entire military career, he has been blessed with the might of an ultimate warrior and a fair mind of a just leader. He has been part of several historical events such as McArthur’s venture to the Philippine Islands and the First and Second World War (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†). Eventually, he was able to receive several recognitions due to his selfless and self-sacrificing service for the United States. On the 4th day of November in 1952, he was awarded with the greatest authority an American citizen could ever have; he became the 34th president of the Unites States of America (The Eisenhower Foundation). As it appears, the presidents of the world are given this special privilege of being immortalized through their works and principles. However, people may still question why a person such as Dwight Eisenhower should be remembered when all the other presidents seem to have done the same thing: to serve the country. As Eisenhower ventured in the greatest challenge to rule America, he was faced with serious challenges through the problems and obstacles in the political and economic sectors. The American values and the national security have been put in great risk by the powerful Europe and Asia which vexed the newly appointed president (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). Yet, despite these challenges, he maintained his aim on his strategies and game-plans on how he can win every battle that the country was facing at that time, such as the Cold War which he skillfully handled with utmost determination. In addition, as Eisenhower went through the most difficult and complex challenges as a president, he was able to maintain the balance in the national budget, the credibility of the country’s fiscal responsibility, and the public works that were significant in the lives of his people. He became remarkable in his efforts to establish sturdy innovations to the government as a whole and to his presidency in order to improve not just the country’s infrastructures but also the morale and dignity of the government (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). Eisenhower also had that incomparable heart for his people. He recognized the needs and the grievances of the less fortunate Americans which led him to establish agencies like the Department of Health and the Education and Welfare in 1953, while he also made improvements in the Social Security through increased benefits for millions of Americans (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). These were just some of his simple yet very significant efforts that will forever rest in Americans’ memories as he left them after a long heart ailment on the solemn day of March 28, 1969 uttering his last words, I want to go; God take me. (The Eisenhower Foundation). Among the many presidents that the United States has met, Dwight Eisenhower created a difference as inspired by his upbringing. It provided him enough courage and determination to reach greater heights. It may appear that the function and role of the American president is one of the hardest and most complicated in the world. Yet, to think that Eisenhower was able to go through it while maintaining a spiritual and fair heart is also commendable. A leader who does not allow his power and authority to rule his heart has also been attributed to Eisenhower by the people themselves. This is because while he was a man who was very well exposed to violence and wars, he spoke of peace and freedom from strife. Over his years of service, aside from literally fighting for his nation and helping to winning the wars, he was able to win the trust and confidence of his people through keeping his values and morale in his leadership strategy. Truly, it may be hard to find a perfect leader. Nevertheless, finding a leader like Eisenhower who had a sense of humor and integrity at the same time can also be one in a million chances. Considering the accounts of history which tell stories of Eisenhower as a hero of America, it may appear that he indeed played a significant role in the U. S. contemporary history. A man who led a simple life as a child and grew up to become the person with the highest authority in America but never abused his powers for wealth and personal interest is indeed worthy of remembrance. Indeed, no person must be judged according to his or her roots. Certainly, societal status does not in any way make a discerning factor to tell the worth and value of a person, because if there is any symbol and example who best represents a story of humble roots to the height of glory and honor in America, it would be undeniably someone like former President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States. Works Cited Bancroft, David G. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower: 34th President (1953-1961). † USA Patriotism. 2002. 24 November 2008 http://www. usa-patriotism. com/quotes/eisenhower. htm. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Why Memoralize Eisenhower?. 27 August 2008. 24 November 2008 http://www. eisenhowermemorial. org/whymemorializeike. htm. â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†. The Eisenhower Library Information Resources. September 2000. Ibiblio. 24 November 2008 http://www. ibiblio. org/lia/president/EisenhowerLibrary/_General_Materials/DDE_Biography. html. The Eisenhower Foundation. Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower October 14, 1890-March 28, 1969. 05 August 2008. Eisenhower. com. 24 November 2008 http://www. dwightdeisenhower. com/biodde. html. Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower- Thirty-Fourth President of the United States. † About. com: American History. 24 November 2008. http://americanhistory. about. com/od/dwightdeisenhower/p/peisenhower. htm.

Anti-Semitism in Anthony Trollopes Palliser Novels :: Anthony Trollope Palliser Novels Essays

Anti-Semitism in Anthony Trollope's Palliser Novels Because Anthony Trollope belonged to the Liberal party, one would assume that he would be less concerned with the glorification of a specific social class to the neglect of any other. Yet, of the major novelists of the Victorian period, none was more infatuated with the code of the gentleman than Trollope. His political beliefs, which might seem to conflict with those of a Liberal, are best defined by his own description of himself as "an advanced, but still a conservative Liberal" (Autobiography 291). This left-centrist attitude serves as the basis for the moral standard of his novels and is embodied by the various "gentlemen" in his work. Trollope idealized the gentleman more than Fielding and as much as, if not more, than Thackeray. The characters in his novels judge each other by their interpretations of this standard, which may or may not coincide with Trollope's definition. This discrepancy between Trollope and his characters is very interesting, but in some instances can be misleading. Nineteenth-century Europe, sparked by the Enlightenment's notion of equality, underwent numerous revolutions, both political and social. In England this was represented by the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Both were huge victories for the Liberal, then Whig, cause, regardless of which party was in control of the government at the time. Trollope's stance on such issues can be seen in his treatment of similar measures, some fictitious, others real, in the novels that comprise his Palliser series. In England during this time, the quest for equal treatment under the law for all residents was gaining popularity. Bills were passed which legalized Catholicism and which made citizens of the Jews living in England. As anti-semitism was a more thorough prejudice than that of Anglicans against other Protestants and Catholics, it is of interest to examine how one of the more, if not the most, realistic novelists of the time portrayed English Jews. As Trollope mainly concerns himself with upper-class society, social movement is necessarily a major issue in his novels, and added to his predisposition to prejudicial class awareness, Trollope behaves very questionably with regard to his non-English characters, particularly his Jewish characters. European Jews have consistently been oppressed throughout their history on the continent. The most widespread slurs used against Jews, then and now, are founded in resentment of the fact that Jews, in Europe, have historically found employment in banking, pawnbroking, and usury.

To Find Out Effectiveness Airtel Advertisements & Their Impact on the Viewers

TO FIND OUT EFFECTIVENESS AIRTEL ADVERTISEMENTS & THEIR IMPACT ON THE VIEWERS Table of Contents Introduction3 Airtel products9 Objective of Study14 Research Methodology15 Findings27 Recommendations28 Limitations of Study29 Bibliography31 Questionnaire32 INTRODUCTION (COMPANY OVERVIEW) Incorporated on July 7, 1995, bharti AIRTEL is a division of Bharti enterprises. The businesses of Bharti Airtel are structured into two main strategic groups †¢Mobility †¢Infotel The mobility business provides gsm mobile services in all 23 telecom circles in india. hile infotel business group provides telephone services and internet access over dsl in 15 circles. The company complements its mobile, broadband and telephone services with national and international long distance services. The company also has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai with Singapore. Bharti tele-ventures provides end to end data and enterprise services to c orporate customers by leveraging its nationwide fiber-optic backbone, last mile connectivity in fixed line and mobile circles. VSATs,ISP and international bandwidth access through the gateways and landing station. All of Bharti-ventures services are provided under airtel. in 2008; bharti Airtel attained its 90 million customer mark. The equity shares of Airtel are listed on the national stock exchange and Bombay stock exchange. Sunil Bharti mittal, the founder chairman of Bharti enterprises (who owns Airtel) is today the most celebrated face of the telecom sector in india. He symbolizes the adage that success comes to those who dream big and work assiduously to deliver it. Sunil Bharti mittal began his journey manufacturing spare parts for bicycles in late 1970s. his strong entrepreneurial instincts gave him a unique flair for sensing new business opportunities. In the early years, bharti established itself as a supplier of basic telecom equipment. His true calling came in the mid 1990s when the government opened up the sector and allowed private players to provide telecom services. Bharti enterprises accepted every opportunity provided by this new policy to evolve into India’s largest telecommunications company and one of the India’s most respected brands. Airtel was launched in 1995 in delhi. As the Airtel network expanded to several parts of India; the brand came to symbolize the very essence of mobile services. Since then, Airtel has established itself across India in most of the states covering a population of over 600 million people. Airtel will soon cover the entire country through a process of acquisitions and green field projects. With a presence in over 2,000 towns, Airtel today has the largest network capacity in the country. In the last nine years Airtel has achieved many firsts and unique records: it was the first to launch nationwide roaming operations, it was the first to cross the one million and the five million customer marks. It was also the first to launch services overseas. There are other ‘firsts' credited to Airtel – many of them in the area of innovative products and services. Today, Airtel innovates in almost everything that it presents to the market. An excellent example is Easy Charge – India's first paperless electronic recharging facility for prepaid customers. As evidence of its fine record, Airtel has also been conferred with numerous awards. It won the prestigious Techies Award for ‘being the best cellular services provider' for four consecutive years between 1997 and 2000 – a record that is still unmatched. And in 2003, it received the Voice & Data Award for being ‘India's largest cellular service provider', amongst others. Bharti Airtel has enjoyed an excellent run ever since the telecom sector opened. It has managed to hold on to its leadership position in spite of the presence of other players with deep pockets – Ambani’s, Tata’s, Birla’s and Vodafone. Has coped well with regulatory changes. It continues to attract and delight customers. t has also started making its presence felt worldwide also. Recently AIRTEL has become the third largest telecom player in the world. Bharti Enterprises has successfully focused its strategy on telecom while straddling diverse fields of business. From the creation of ‘Airtel', one of India's finest brands, to becoming the largest m anufacturer and exporter of world class telecom terminals under its ‘Beetel' brand, Bharti has created a significant position for itself in the global telecommunications sector. PRODUCTS The Company is a part of Bharti Enterprises, and is India's leading provider of telecommunications services. The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic business units (SBU's) – mobile services, broadband & telephone services (B) & enterprise services. The mobile services group provides GSM mobile services across India in 23 telecom circles, while the B business group provides broadband & telephone services in 90 cities. The Enterprise services group has two sub-units – carriers (long distance services) and services to corporate. All these services are provided under the Airtel brand. Its include Voice Services Mobile Services Satellite Services Managed Data & Internet Services Managed e-Business Services Voice Services Bharti Airtel became the first private fixed-line service provider in India. It is now promoted under the Airtel brand. Recently, the Government opened the fixed-line industry to unlimited competition. Airtel has subsequently started providing fixed- line services in the four circles of Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & UP (West). Airtel Enterprise Services believes that these circles have high telecommunications potential, especially for carrying Voice & Data traffic. These circles were strategically selected so as to provide synergies with Airtel's long distance network and Airtel's extensive mobile network. Airtel Enterprise Services, India's premium telecommunication service, brings to you a whole new experience in telephony. From integrated telephone services for Enterprises and small business enterprises to user-friendly plans for Broadband Internet Services (DSL), we bring innovative, cost-effective, comprehensive and multi-product solutions to cater to all your telecom and data needs. Mobile Services Airtel's mobile footprint extends across the country in 21 telecom circles. It's service standards compare with the very best in the world. In fact, that’s how Bharti has managed to win the trust of millions of customers and makes it one of the top 5 operators in the world, in terms of service and subscriber base. The company has several Firsts to its credit: †¢The First to launch full roaming service on pre-paid in the country. †¢The First to launch 32K SIM cards. †¢The First in Asia to deploy the multi band feature in a wireless network for Efficient usage of spectrum. The First to deploy Voice Quality Enhancers to improve voice quality and Acoustics. †¢The First telecom company in the world to receive the ISO 9001:2000 Certification from British Standards Institute Satellite Services Airtel Enterprise Services provides you connectivity where ever you take your Business. Satellite Services bring you the benefits of access in remote Locations. Airtel Enter prise Services is a leading provider of broadband IP Satellite services and DAMA/PAMA services in India. Managed data & internet services Airtel enterprises services bring a comprehensive suite of data technologies. So Airtel is able to support all types of networks and ensure the customers can manage their network to the future seamlessly. These services include: leased lines, customized solutions, metro Ethernet. Managed e-business services Airtel enterprise services offer an internationally benchmarked, carrier class hosting, storage and business continuity services. A huge range of services help the customers run their business the way they want. All this is possible because of world class high tech data centers. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY After the liberalization of the Indian Telecom Sector in 1994, the Indian cellular market witnessed a surge in cellular services. By 2005, there were a total of 12 players in the market with the five major players being Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (Bharti), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Hutchinson-Essar limited (Hutch), Idea Cellular limited (Idea) and Reliance India Mobile (RIM) (Refer Exhibit I). All the players except RIM offered services based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology. RIM provided services based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology as well as GSM. As competition in the telecom arena intensified, BHARTI AIRTEL took new initiatives to woo customers. Prominent among these were – celebrity endorsements, loyalty rewards, discount coupons, business solutions and talk time schemes. AIRTEL has used most number of celebrities for advertisements. The list includes-Sachin, Shahrukh, Rehmaan, Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Zaheer Khan Etc. The most important consumer segments in the cellular industry were the youth segment and the business class segment. The youth segment was the largest and fastest growing segment and was therefore targeted most heavily by cellular service provider. Bharti Tele-Ventures adopted celebrity endorsement as its chief promotional strategy. By 2004 it emerged the unprecedented leader commanding the largest market share in the cellular service market. Hutch implemented the celebrity endorsement strategy partially, relying primarily on its creative advertising for the promotion of its brand. BSNL, on the other hand, attracted the consumer through its low cost schemes. Being a state owned player, BSNL could cover rural areas, and this helped it increase its subscriber base. Reliance was another player that cashed on its innovative promotional strategies, which included celebrity endorsements and attractive talk time schemes. Idea relied heavily on its creative media advertising sans celebrities. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of AIRTEL advertisements i. e. †¢What type of impact these advertisements have on the viewers? †¢Are the viewers getting the desired message? The secondary objective includes finding out following: What type of advertisements viewers now days like? †¢What type of changes AIRTEL needs to make in future? RESEARCH METODOLOGY The data was collected from primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data source: Around 80 people were randomly selected and their response to the questionnaire was taken as primary data. Secondary data source: the secondary data was col lected from following sources †¢AIRTEL website †¢Newspapers †¢Internet The total number of respondents was 80. Out of which 24 were female respondents and rests 56 were males. The respondents are categorized in three different groups. First group consists of person less than 20 years of age. These are mainly teenagers and are most likely to buy or use new mobile connections. The second group i. e. 20-35 years of age are already using one or the other connection. The last group was mainly of somewhat older people and consists of 30% of the total sample. The graph shows the % distribution of customers of different service providers . There are some more players in the market but for the shake of clarity, only these six were given consideration. Out of the major six players, Airtel is found to be having the largest market share with 32%. he main competitors to AIRTEL in terms of number of customers are BSNL and Vodafone. Popularity of ads of different brands among viewers The advertisements of Vodafone were found to be more popular among the respondents. Most of them talked about the ‘’hutch dog†. Similarly the tag line of IDEA ‘’an idea can change your life† is also very popular . AIRTEL ads are supposed to be more or less centered on emotional factors. 75% of the respondents said that they like the TV ads more than any other medium of advertisement. The main internet users now a days i. e. oungsters were found to have a liking towards the advertisements used on internet. The housewives and the people older than 3 years like to go through advertisements in newspapers and magazines etc, and also like the advertisements on radio or local FM stations. Major portion of the respondents categorized AIRTEL ads as emotional ads. In every advertisement, one or the other facet of the human relations is at the centre. The AIRTEL ads were also considered to be different from the competitors and innovative. Many respondents claimed that the fun part was always missing from the AIRTEL ads. Out of all celebrities endorsing AIRTEL, A. R. Rehmaan is most famous among the viewers. Almost every respondent linked the AIRTEL success with the famous TONE composed by Rehmaan. The girls mainly like the advertisements with Saif Ali khan and Shahrukh khan. One of the finding was that using too many celebrities in advertisements is not that much effective. AIRTEL advertisement with seven celebrities including Saif, Kareena, Zaheer khan, Gautam Gambhir is supposed by the viewers as wastage of money. 60% of the respondents believe that the Celebrity endorsements give a brand a ouch of glamour and the hope that a famous face will provide added appeal and name recognition in a crowded market. AIRTEL itself is already using a number of celebrities in its advertisements like shahrukh khan, Saif ali khan,kareena,Sachin,Madhvan etc. so in near future also AIRTEL should move on with celebrity endorsements as viewers give them value and have a liking towards them. Major portion of the viewer s got the message from the AIRTEL ads as it is a brand that offers services at cheaper price. The ads don’t give any hint about the service quality. So AIRTEL should give some consideration to this fact and try to emphasize on the better quality also through the advertisements. The claims made in AIRTEL ads are believable About 50% of the respondents had this belief that the claims made about the connectivity, voice clarity etc in the AIRTEL ads are true. The major portion of these 50% respondents was actually the AIRTEL users. 35% of people suppose these claims as just a part of advertisement and non existing in actual. 70% of the respondents said that they started using that sim card because of one or other type of scheme. The different types of schemes like-10 paisa call, night calling free etc help the customers make their mind to shift to that particular service provider. The advertisements in general have a very small impact on their decision. FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY The research carried out helped us to come to the following out comes: ? In terms of liking of ads, Vodafone is way ahead of AIRTEL. ?Viewers have a liking towards most of the celebrities used in AIRTEL ads. ? The viewers like the ads with some funny content but this is missing in most of the AIRTEL ads ? The majority of the customers starts or shifts to a service provider based upon word of mouth and different schemes. The advertisements play a very little part in their decision. ?The preferences of the viewers for the celebrities are always changing so we can’t rely on a single celebrity forever. ?Viewers like to see short and up to the mark ads but Most of the AIRTEL ads are too lengthy. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Along with using various celebrities for endorsements, AIRTEL should try to introduce advertisements with some sort of humor. ?The majority of perspective customers are teenagers, so AIRTEL ads should be more focused around them ? The people now days have started using more and more internet, so along with TV advertisements, AIRTEL should give more attention to online advertisements. ?People give very less attention to the print ads, so these ads should be mainly informative ads i. e. the ads giving information about new schemes and recharge coupons etc. LIMITATIONS The research was carried out taking care of each & every small points which can alter the results but still there were some limitations that must be acknowledged. †¢The respondents chosen were mainly from cities. So the results don’t include the responses of rural customers. †¢To find out the overall effectiveness of advertisements a lot of data regarding the price paid to the celebrities and cost of advertisement etc. was required, but as this type of data is classified so it was not available. CONCLUSION Mobile penetration is currently exploding in INDIA and Bharti Airtel has been riding the crest of the huge mobile industry wave that has been formed. Consequently great potential and huge market opportunities have now opened up the playing field in India’s telecom market and also made it much more competitive. In the present open market environment, there are currently over 10 major operators in India which are competing with each other to get the major share of this market. So at any point of time, AIRTEL can’t take things lightly. It needs to change its marketing and advertising strategies gradually. The advertisements used at present seem appropriate for AIRTEL but we can’t always rely on these advertisements and the celebrities. Bibliography www. airtelworld. com www. scribd. com www. wikipedia. org Search engine used www. oogle. com www. trai. gov. in QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, I am a student of Oriental Institute of Management, Vashi, Navi Mumbai and doing a research for a study for which I intend to pose a questionnaire to find out impact of the advertisements of some of the big players of Indian telecom sector. Your cooperation is deeply solicited to provide the relevant information. I assure that information will be kept confidential. Please tick at the place tha t matches your opinion. 1. You are †¢Male †¢Female 2. Specify your age †¢

Characterization in Canterbury Tales Essay

From cover to cover, Geoffry Chaucer’s late 14th century collection of short stories, Canterbury Tales, provides readers with a unique literary experience. Chaucer compiles twenty-four short allegories of no relation, yet all of the narrators know eachother. Another interesting trait of Chaucer’s masterpiece takes place in the beginning as he dedicates over twenty pages just to characterization of the story tellers. Chaucer takes about a page to deeply introduce the reader to each character who tells their own fable. It has been said of Chaucer’s characterization that â€Å"the sheer variety of wealth of detail creates the impression of a specific person. And yet, taken together, it all adds up to a comparatively simple stereotype† (Prompt) Chaucer goes into such detail in his prologue that he almost seems to create real people. For the most part, Chaucer stereotypically characterizes each character, but in the tale about another person of their same type, he satirically and indirectly characterizes them contradictary to the reader’s initial impressions of the equatable narrating characters. Chaucer creates these contradictart characterizations to show the flaws in society. Chaucer sets up the reader with a stereotypical description of each character showing them what characteristics the characters should possess, then simulatenously in the tales points out traits that one would view as corrupt and ironic. In the â€Å"Shipman’s tale†, a monk goes behind his best friend’s back and sleeps with his wife. Ironically not something a stereotypical monk should do. In the â€Å"Friar’s Tale†, a summoner corruptly blackmails people to keep from summoning them. Lastly in the â€Å"Wife of Bath’s Tale†, a knight rapes a women which contradict’s Chaucer’s initial noble description of the Knight. In the â€Å"Wife of Bath’s Tale†, a â€Å"lusty† knight sees a maiden â€Å"alone as she was born†, and despite her refusal â€Å"by very force he took her maidenhead† (282). This Knight contradicts Chaucer’s initial direct characterization of the Knight in the prologue having â€Å"truth, honor, generousness, and courtesy† (4). Chaucer describes the Knight in his prologue as the stereotypical â€Å"distinguished†, â€Å"modest†, â€Å"perfect gentle-knight†(5). The â€Å"Wife of Bath’s Tale† could not portray the knight in any more ironic of a light. The knight’s brutal rape of the maiden creates situational irony as it completely contradicts the description of Chaucer’s â€Å"gentle† knight (5). Chaucer points out that even the most noble and respected men can committ cruel acts of violence that go against their expected values. But even men who do not have the same class rank as the knight can still committ immoral acts that go against their expected actions. In Chaucer’s prologue, he characterizes a Summoner. He does not necessarily portray the Summoner as a noble man, but respected as â€Å"children are afraid when he appears† (20). A respected Summoner that society expects to do his job right, the â€Å"Friar’s Tale† describes a Summoner who does everything but do his job moraly and respectfully, â€Å"he was a theif, a summoner, and a pimp† (295). The â€Å"Friar’s Tale† exposes a Summoner who â€Å"rode forth to catch his prey† as he would blackmail people ruthlessly for money in order to not Summon them to court (295). Chaucer victimizes the people the Summoner takes advantage of by lableing them as â€Å"prey† and indirectly characterizes the Summoner as heartless and manipulative. Society expects a Summoner to truthfully do his job without stealing people’s money in exchange for a court release. The â€Å"Friar’s Tale† portrays a dirty Summoner which contradicts the stereotypical Summoner Chaucer describes in his prologue. This unethical Summoner shows the ill in society that many Summoners exploit people in the same way the Summoner does in the â€Å"Friar’s Tale†

History of Pop Culture essays

History of Pop Culture essays Pop culture is a term given to describe all the various cultural elements found in any given society. These elements are often perpetuated through societys language, particularly vernacular language. It encompasses everything, from daily interactions between people, to the needs and desires of individuals and communities to the various cultural moments that surround our everyday lives within mainstream society. Further, pop culture includes such activities as cooking, clothing, fashion, consumption, entertainment, sports, literature and especially mass media. It is often through the mss distribution of these things that creates pop culture, or, in other words, makes that particular culture popular. In comparison, pop culture is often placed into contrast with the typically more exclusive and elitist high culture. Pop culture is something that is in a constant state of flux; therefore what was pop culture yesterday is no longer pop culture today. For this reason, pop culture is something that occurs uniquely in a specific place and time. It can be best described as a river that forms and reforms currents and eddies that each represent the complexity of the numerous, interdependent perspectives, values and institutions of society that, together, create pop culture. Often time pop culture grows out of a subculture that, through mass circulation, becomes mainstream and thus gain a widespread public appeal. In the twentieth century, especially the late twentieth century, mass media has come to be one of the main reasons for the growth of popular culture. Prior to mass media, everything was localized, or more community-based. It was not until the advent of mass media and mass production that the definition of a community grew and thus pop culture came into existence- something to appeal to the entire society. The process works by the media conveying the work and activities of others to the general populat...

Francis Bacon and the Essay Of Revenge

Francis Bacon and the Essay Of Revenge The first major English essayist, Francis Bacon  (1561-1626) published three versions of his Essayes or Counsels (1597, 1612 and 1625), and the third edition has endured as the most popular of his many writings. The Essayes, observes Robert K. Faulkner, appeals not so much to self-expression as to self-interest, and does so by supplying enlightened ways to satisfy ones interest. (Encyclopedia of the Essay, 1997) A notable jurist who served as both attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, Bacon argues in his essay Of Revenge (1625) that the wild justice of personal revenge is a fundamental challenge to the rule of law. Of Revenge by Francis Bacon Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more mans nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong putteth the law out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior; for it is a princes part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man to pass by an offence. That which is past is gone, and irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves, that labor in past matters. There is no man doth a wrong for the wrongs sake; but thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honor, or the like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man for loving himself better than me? And if any man should do wrong merely out of ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or briar, which prick and scratch, because they can do no other. The most tole rable sort of revenge is for those wrongs which there is no law to remedy; but then let a man take heed the revenge be such as there is no law to punish; else a mans enemy is still before hand, and it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the party should know whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the delight seemeth to be not so much in doing the hurt as in making the party repent. But base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that flieth in the dark. Cosmus, duke of Florence, had a desperate saying against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs were unpardonable; You shall read (saith he) that we are commanded to forgive our enemies; but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends. But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune: Shall we (saith he) take good at Gods hands, and not be content to take evil also? And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain, that a man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well. Public revenges are for the most part fortunate; as that for the death of Caesar; for the death of Pertinax; for the death of Henry the Third of France; and many more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive persons live the life of witches; who, as they are mischievous, so end they infortunate.

B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

B2B Marketing - Essay Example This enables C4U to claim that their cards are 'crafted in the West Country'. This notion of the 'personal touch' has been successfully combined with a series of designs drawing upon floral and other motifs from the 'natural' landscape such as animals and rustic scenes (e.g. meadows, the seaside) to provide C4U with a product portfolio that sets them apart from other card manufacturers. Indeed, they even sell separate picture frames to accompany the cards, so that the recipient can keep them after the occasion in question: in this way, the product is 'more than just a card'. "Back in 1970 Alvin Toffler in Future Shock (Toffler, A. 1970) describes a trend towards accelerating rates of change. He illustrated how social and technological norms had shorter life spans with each generation, and he questioned society's ability to cope with the resulting turmoil and anxiety. In past generations periods of change were always punctuated with times of stability. This allowed society to assimilate the change and deal with it before the next change arrived." (Wikipedia, 2007) In the volatile business environment of the 21st century the most important requirement for C4U is constant changing and updating with the external conditions. Change can be referred to as Internal, External, and business process re-engineering and transformation programs. The external change includes the changes in market, technology, and competitive environment, global and political environment etc. Since the trends in the cards industry is changing the company should also adopt these changes. Internal changes involve the actions, which the organisation has to take in order to put up with the external changes. These include the business restructuring and the transformation programs. The well-planned strategy to undertake change combine all of the above elements in the suitable ratio to undertake the process effectively and in timely manners. On the other hand an unplanned change introduction can worsen the things rather than improving. Therefore it is important for the leaders and mangers at C4U to undertake the change activities in a strategical way to reap the fruit of change introduction in the organisation. A change project undertaken without a suitable strategy can increase the operating cost of the business without improving the operations and performance of the business. In the globalised era when most of the business organisations are involved in different business activities it has become inevitable for the firms independently perform all the functions. Most of the companies do not operate their supply chain and rely on other firms to perform the multi-faceted tasks. The successful and efficient combination of the operations of these firms provides the company with the competitive edge in the market. (Cook, DeBree, and Feroleto, 2001). The company can also expand its market by forming a partnership with other distribution firms. Lummus and Vokurka (1999) points out towards the need for the managers to understand the performance of all the stake holding firms in the supply chain. According to (Pohlen, 2003), this insight in the performance of each firm will enable the managers to develop measures in order to fulfil the demands of the customers. The main task of the supply chain

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children - Essay Example Violence creeps quietly and firmly into living rooms via television and its contents. This source misguides its viewers in adopting unrealistic and cinematic use of violence in real life situations in homesteads and outside. Viewers invariably have the entire family and perhaps none of the family members escape this all pervasive and negative influence. Children, with impressionable and tender psyches, are increasingly witnessing real-life violence, either in their homes, streets, schools, work places and almost everywhere. This violence has not only assumed epidemic proportions but is a sad and painful reflection on our society when recipients of violence are children, particularly in domestic environment. An environment which is otherwise supposed to protect and nurture young ones instead works to leave deep scars of hostile violence. To top it all provocations may be extremely trivial. This state of affair constitutes both a public health and moral/philosophical crises. The United States (US) has the highest homicide rate in the world. The US homicide rate for young men is 73 times greater than that observed in comparable industrialized nations. Largely uncontrolled proliferation of guns and other lethal weapons is linked directly, for one, to the increased homicide rates among children and for two, to the numbers of violent incidents that children may witness. On an average each day in the US, 9 children are murdered, guns wound 30 children, and 307 children are arrested for violent crimes.

1)What is food insecurity What are the main reasons for food Essay - 1

1)What is food insecurity What are the main reasons for food insecurity in the developing world - Essay Example llennium, one of the goals set by policy makers throughout the world was to reduce 50% of hunger throughout the word by the period of 2015 (Scanes, 2011, p.8). During 2006, over 820 million were expected to be among those who are suffering from hunger throughout developing nations and the rate of hunger is increasing instead of decreasing at a constant rate, especially in African and Southern Asian regions (Hampton, 2007). This paper will focus on what food insecurity is and what is causing food insecurity in the regions of developing nations, as well as how it can be countered. During 2000, all the leaders throughout the world decided to comply with the aims and objectives of MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) (Sachs, 2005). On top of the aims and objectives list was the reduction of poverty and hunger. During 2003, the numbers showed positive signs as hunger decreased from 823 million to 820 million which accounts for a change from 20% to 17% of hunger (Skoet, 2006, p.4). Food insecurity is a term used to define conditions when individuals do not have access to food both physically and economically throughout their life and can not stay well nutritious and healthy. The components that add up to form the definition and application of food security include: existence of abundant amount of food in reality, accessibility of food to individuals and stable accessibility over prolonged period of time, availability of high quality food, and ability of human beings to control their food and what they eat. Hunger is a term mostly used to denote to food insecurity but it is not actually food insecurity because hunger can even arise on temporary basis for people who have abundant amount of food. Hunger does not last for a prolonged period of time and it takes place when agricultural production declines due to changes in weather and seasons or during war sessions. Hunger can even be categorized as chronic in nature when restricted amount of access to food quality and

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay The two key concepts of international relations are realism with share a pessimistic view of human nature and liberalism that has an optimistic view to the rise of modern states. Realism has more persuasive account in international relations because of his pessimistic critic of human nature. As to realism definition the belief that within human morality there will always be conflict among people. In international relations realist believe that war is the only ultimate resolution of avoiding conflict. Liberalism is the international theory that holds takes positive view of human nature because human beings have ability to reason. liberalism believe that human being are self interested but also recognize that people share common interests therefore they co-operate with one another. Liberalism has a core belief in progress assumptions, for example Robert Keohane argued that liberals believes on the possibility of increasing progress. The key argument of liberalism is the aspiration to create people society where the potential can be achieved. They believe that citizens have to be brought up to do hard job. Even it the different liberals opinions in what the government role should have or be included. Classical liberal suggest that the government should not have a large functions, only three important functions are related to them such as, to guarantee order and law, to maintain protection against internal and external enemies, lastly to increase support to the two preceding functions. However modern liberals suggest that the states exist to help citizens and also themselves. The state plays important function, Liberals and conservatives strongly argued that the government is very important and play an important role in the assistances of citizens but realist dont accept the same idea. One of the most important idea of liberalism is related with freedom, that meant that all people in the world have the right to be free (natural freedom) but liberals dont trust in full freedom because they believe that people do not do what they want to do, if everyone should do what they want it would give the rely right. That should bring people in pluralism idea where is seeing as the diversity of opinion. Even if realists would see pluralism idea as strong because of the variety of opinions and is causing change in social aspect. About freedom conservatives differ with classical liberal because they suggest that freedom lead to negative freedom where everyone do what they like on every occasion they want, conservatives do not argue with that idea because they believe that individual freedom do not have the same power as the law. The conservative idea is that the law is a strong instrument to sustain peace and promote freedom from citizens that want to take the freedom and rights from the others people. Freedom is closely connected with the doctrine of laissez-fare which advocated minimum regulation and maximum freedom of action for the entrepreneur according to Goodwin. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg 36, 41) Liberal belief in reason human rationality because they argued that human are completely able of achieve their own personal interests. Liberal sees reason as scientific knowledge and as a form of progress but conservative dont belief in that. Liberalism can suggest that belief in progress but conservative belief that the knowledge came from the earlier period. Reasons have never supported the idea of paternalism because paternalism is compare as authority and also helps direct that inferior level and the conservatism argued that the government is important for control of citizens. Liberalism has always repudiated the idea of real interests, arguing that that way lie paternalism and even totalitarianism, this means that only subjectively felt or expressed interests can count. Liberals also reject the Marxism contention that people en masse can be deluded about their interests and suffer widespread false consciousness, since this erodes the concept of rationality. According to Goodwin logically, argued that, Liberalism is a flexible and adjustable ideas; it has presided over what were arguably three of the most progressive and liberating centuries of human history. It should therefore be credited with many of the advances of this era even if it is also rightly blamed for many of our endemic social problems. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg, 63) Realist view of human is based on the focus of individual and their own well-being. Realist believes that human have an aggressive relation with each others. Realists focus on domestic political life because they believe that the political world is consisted of international anarchy of sovereign states. Realism strongly focuses on state values, it national security and ensure state survival. Power allows states to act freely on strength resistance of each state due to their belief of anarchy government and non-existence authority in international relation. State can use their power only if they can justify their action base on evidence of their state security. According to realism states are allowed to act while using their power as long as they can evidently justify their action. Realists believe that international relations ken only improve unless an effective global democracy is put in please to prevent anarchy. Hans Morgenthau is a classic realist thinker of international relations of the twenty century; he argued that women and men have will to power. That is in particular clear in government and also specifically in global politics. Morgenthau view suggested that whatever states objectives are the will always use power to maintain t he values. According to him political activities are focus on use of power. The main concept of foreign policy is to ensure protection and defence of state interests in the political world. The great power has demonstrated effectively in modern world because of the claim of perceptive human nature to authority of the state, and they understand state behaviour as being a conflict. In the realist concept or ideas actors of the world politics are perceived as being less helpful or not important. For example International organizations, NGOs (Non- governmental organisations) and people. The main concern of realism is the state survival and protection of nation from danger. Realist argued that is the reasons to make foreign policy, and according to the realist all government in the world defend their own national interest because of self interests. Realists consider that the life of human would be terrible with no protections of state, and they also believe that there would be dreadful conditions in the peoples life and the value of state would not be certain. All the country states are seen as the defender of its land or region, and the value of life, according to Hobbes. All the foreign policies decisions should be done, on bases of the national interest. Ethics and human society cannot be extensive into the relationships of international relations. Realism is best compared with egoism or the absence of any formal system of government in a society. For example structural realists believe that international politics is important to try to overcome problem relating with power, but classical realist contrast this idea seeing that is a product of human nature, post -war realist, Hans and Morgenthau argued that the nature of man is the necessary description of international politics such fear, competition and war can be explained and also argued that, the most important aspect to consider is that festive people have to recognize that laws exist and think the most right polices that are regular with the basic fact that human beings are flawed creatures . The structural realists are more focus to the international anarchy. According to John Herz discussed that international anarchy guarantees the centrality of power; structural realism can be called also neo-realists. The biological realist focus more in human nature, in this theory is more evident that people are product of nature in action. Realist are considered more aggressive in foreign policy, they have always missing credibility for example Morgenthau went against the US war in the Vietnam to the point of rational understanding of national interest. Another good example is the US invasion war in Iraq; I would illustrate this as realisms council against the use of force. Realists in 1990 said, that Saddam Hussein in Iraq war proves that war and use of force represent dangers to the population and country. The liberal came with a different definition against the realists views of the Iraq situation or problems. They have seen the Middle East politics as exception. The liberal also argued that the world is moving towards the anarchy of sovereign state system. These contradictory ideas on the nature of global politics and how it is change will not rapidly be accepted. The realists stress permanence; the liberals stress change. Both claim the high ground of realism with a small. Liberals have a tendency to see realists as cynics whose interest with the past blinds them to change. Realists, in turn, call the liberals utopian dreamers. Liberals also argue that economic power has replaced military power as the central medium of international politics, this is greatly overstated. Security is like oxygen. It is often taken for granted when it is present, but you will think about nothing else once you begin to miss it. Realists rightly argue that economic instrument still cannot compete with military forces in their coercive and deterrent effects. Economic sanctions by the United Nations compelled neither Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait in 1990 according to Nye and Joseph. (Nye, Joseph S.1997, pg 55, 20 190) Hoffman argued that the core of liberalism continues is self-discipline, moderation, cooperation and peace where the real meaning of international politics is exactly the opposite troubled peace, at best or the state war. For example there was a brief resurgence of liberal sentiment at the end of the Second World War with the birth of the United Nations, although this beacon of hope was soon extinguished by the return of cold war. After 9/11, the US government has gain more power over the people, and they have consolidated their power to act against terror, and the states that help and give support to terrorist activities. Realism is more persuasive than liberalism because it as a realistic explanation of dynamics of the political world in the realist live and the name represents almost an unfair advantage in terms of student initial reaction to it. However, realism should be regarded just as name for an exacting way of opinion about the world; a label which is understood to imply certain basic assumptions. According to Steans and Pittsford argued also that, realists are malicious to the people, realists are necessarily heartless people who do not worry about malnourishment, authoritarianism and rainforests as long as the global system persists and conflict are unspoken and perhaps limited or controlled as much as possible.( Steans and Patti ford, 2001, pg 42). Rationality provides the final strategy to save realism as a general theory of international relation. For example, Kydd claims that the fundamental assumption behind realism is that states can be helpfully idea of as unitary rational actors substitute strategically under anarchy (1997: 120). Numerous others realists also appeal to what Robert Keohane calls the reason assumption: world politics can be seen as if states were unitary rational actors. Morgenthau argued that state act, as they must, in view of their interests as they see them (1962a:278). The issue is how they see them. Interests become interesting only when they acquire substance which is provided not by calculating, instrumental reason but by the passions (interests, desires). Realism is distinguished from other theories not by the rationality assumption, but by its substantive specifications of the interests of states leaders, and citizens. (Donnelly Jack, 2000, pg 64, 65).

Computer Professionals :: Essays Papers

Computer Professionals Computer consulting is one of the important if not the most important job of our time. Computers are the future whether we like it or not. Some people dislike computers, because of the complications it takes to understand the basics. Computers are not exactly the easiest tools to work with, but they are the most rewarding, and they are the future. Future cars will all be run by computer. You will be able to talk to a car and it will take you to your destination. Telephones are technically computerized. You will soon be able to talk to a person on the telephone as well as look at the person you are talking to on a television set. Also television is computerized. Soon we will have true three dimensional television. We will be able to watch television like we never have watched it before. We will be able to touch the characters, and feel the characters like they were in the room with you. For people who don't know much about computers, you will be lost in the future. You should learn what you can while you still have the chance, because things will develop to quickly for you and you will not be able to cope with new technological events. Computer consulting is a job, I have chosen long before the advances of technology. And now it has paid off. I now have a business of my own, working as a computer consultant. I assist others in learning about computers to be able to operate more efficently in their everyday jobs. Computers will fall into careers and our everyday life more rapidly then you think. Perhaps you would like to be a teacher. You will store all class data, students work, names, grades, records all accessible by computer. Or, how about a doctor. You will use computers to examine and evaluate a patients problem quicker and more efficiently. These are only a few examples. The bottom line is, computers provide worthwhile careers. Having a job that involves computers, in terms of the conditions, is very much similar to any office job. In most of the common jobs, the worker will get to an office in the morning, sit at a desk, in front of a computer, and will do very little manual labor except a lot of typing. For example, the computer consultant we have already mentioned, might

Copper Cycle

The Copper Cycle Most of the background material for this laboratory will be covered in greater detail in the lecture course later in the semester. Here is some background information so you will understand the chemistry behind the reactions you will perform. Many aspects of our lives involve chemical reactions-?from the batteries that power our cars and cell phones to the thousands of processes occurring within our bodies. Most of these reactions can be classified into one of three main types of chemical reactions: precipitation reactions, acid-base naturalization reactions, and oxidation- deduction (also called â€Å"redo†) reactions.Aqueous Solutions(as) Many reactions occur in an aqueous environment (I. E. , in a solution where ions and compounds are dissolved in water). When we indicate that a reactant or product has the physical state (as), we mean the substance is dissolved in water. When an ionic compound is in aqueous solution, the individual ions are present in solut ion; for example, NCAA(as) exists as An+ and CLC- ions moving around in water. Solubility Rules Many ionic compounds are soluble-?I. E. , they dissolve in water.Others generally do not dissolve in water and are considered insoluble. To determine if an ionic compound is soluble-?I. E. , will dissolve-?in water, we use the Solubility Rules: Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water The compound is SOLUBLE if it has: An+, NH 4+ ton (ALWAYS! ) 2. CHICHI-, NON-, CHIC- 3. CLC-, BRB-, or 1-, except compounds with Gag+, BP+2, and Hag+2 are insoluble 4. SASS- except compounds with Saga's, cases, scars, Bases, PBS, and Haggis are insoluble The compound is INSOLUBLE if it has: 5.CHIC-, crack-, IPPP-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+ are soluble 6. SO-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+, ca+2, sir+2, AAA+2 are soluble . Hydroxide ion, OH-, except compounds The Solubility Rules indicate which compounds are soluble, and thus are represented as aqueous: e. G. , Kill(as), Abaca(a s), Noah(as), etc. The Solubility Rules also indicate which compounds are insoluble-?I. E. , do not dissolve in water and remain as solids: e. G. Basso+), Call(s), cacao(s), etc.Double Replacement/Precipitation Reaction For example, consider the reaction between aqueous lead(al) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide, as shown below: KGB(as) Puff KNEE Note that the chemical formulas for the products formed are based on their charges, to how they appear on the reactant side of the chemical equation. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The copper cycle O ICC, 2013 page 1 of 12 Based on Solubility Rules #4 and #1, we find that BRB is insoluble and KNEE is soluble.Thus, the complete, balanced equation is: + 2 KGB(as) Pacific) + 2 KNEE(as) We can cancel the spectator ions from the ionic equation and write the net ionic equation: Pub+(as) + 2 BRB -(as) 0 BRB(s) This reaction produces a cloudy mixture with small particles of the solid suspended in the solution. When enough solid has formed, it will begin to settle at the bottom of the beaker. Thus, a clear solution becoming cloudy when another solution is added is often taken as experimental evidence of a solid or precipitate forming.Acids and Bases Acids can be defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (HUH+) when they are dissolved in water. A hydroxide ion is the product of a hydrogen ion that reacts with a water molecule: H+(as) + H2O(l) 0 HUH+(as). A hydrated hydrogen ion (H+(as)) is equivalent to an aqueous hydroxide ion. The two equations below both represent the unionization of hydrochloric acid, HCI(as), but the second one shows a particular water molecule explicitly. HCI(as) O H+(as) + CLC-(as)HCI(as) + H2O(l) O HUH+(as) + CLC-(as) Acids are usually easy to recognize since their formulas start with H and contains nonmetal elements other than H-?e. G. HCI(as), HON.(as), and HASPS(as) are all acids. Note that the physical state aqueous, (as), must be included to distinguish a compound that is acting like an acid from o ther forms of a substance. For example, the formula â€Å"HCI† can also be used for hydrogen chloride gas, HCI(g), so to indicate aqueous hydrochloric acid, one must specify HCI(as). One useful definition of bases is that bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.The dissociation of sodium hydroxide, Noah, is shown below. : Noah(s) Noah(as) which is equivalent to An+(as) + OH-(as) Acid-Base Naturalization Reactions In an acid-base naturalization reaction, a hydrogen ion-containing acid reacts with a hydromechanics's base to produce water and a salt (an ionic compound): HCI(as) + Noah(as) O acid base H2O(l) + Niacin(as) water salt Acids can react with bases, regardless of whether the salt is soluble or insoluble. There are other types of acids and bases that can react without forming water.If the reactants and products of an acid/base reaction are colorless and soluble, it is impossible to monitor the progress of an acid-base reaction based solely on the appearance of the solutions. To help us monitor acid-base reactions, we use litmus paper to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. Litmus paper changes color depending on the presence of H+ or OH- ions in the substance being tested. Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions containing H+ ions, and red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions containing OH- ions. Age 2 of 12 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions In an oxidation/reduction reaction, electrons are transferred from one reactant to the other. In the simplest form of these reactions, single-displacement reactions (also called single-replacement reactions), metal ions react with pure metals. If the reaction proceeds, the pure metal gives electrons to the metal action. This causes the pure metal to become a action and the action to become a pure metal. The action must always have an anion partner which is present either in an ionic solid or in a solution.For example: MGM(s) + 2 Gag+(as) 0 2 Gag(s) + MGM+(a s) metal action If the charge of an element is changing, that is a good indication that an oxidation/ reduction reaction is taking place. Later in the semester you will learn about oxidation numbers which are used to keep track of more complicated oxidation/ reduction reactions. Step l: Chemistry The different copper species obtained in each part is shown in Equation 1 below: cue(S) Part I cue+(as) Part II part Ill cue(S) part Part V blue l.Oxidation Copper Metal with Concentrated Nitric Acid, HON.(as) The first step involves transforming Cue metal to copper(al) ions, Cue+, using concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). At the same time, the nitrate ions (NON-) undergo a series of reactions to form nitrogen monoxide, NO. This product rapidly reacts with oxygen in the air to form NON, a brown gas. The presence of Cue+(as) makes the solution blue. When the reaction mixture is diluted with water, the Cue+ ions are hydrated (surrounded by water) to form the octahedral complex ion, [Cue(H2O)6 ]2+, as shown below.Six water molecules (shown as red O and white H atoms) are bonded to a Cue+ ion (shown in gray as the central atom). Cue+(as) + 6 H2O(l) 0 [Cue(H2O)6]2+(as) Figure 1 page 3 of 12 Step II: Chemistry II. Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) In Part II, two reactions are carried out by adding Noah(as). In the first reaction, the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the Noah(as) neutralize the excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) feet over from the previous part: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 2 H2O(l) Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ ion to form Cue(OH)2 precipitate. Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms.Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. Figure 2 on the next page shows the step-wise reaction of Cue+ with Noah. Figure 2: Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of Cue(OH)2 in Part II – Remember: [Cue(H2O)]2+ indicates the same substance as Cue+. 1st Beaker: At the end of Part I, hydrated copper complex, Cue+ are present, making he solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. 2nd Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions neutralizing the HUH+ ions to form water: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 0 2 H2O(l).The An+ ions and resulting water molecules are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. Water molecules released from the complex ion are not shown. 5th Beaker: When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic.Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution. Step Ill: Chemistry Ill. Converting solid Cue(OH) 2 to solid Cue In Part Ill of the sequence, the reaction mixture is heated. This transforms the Cue(OH)2 precipitate to Cue precipitate. Page 4 of 12 The Cue precipitate is separated from the solution, called the supernatant liquid, using a method called gravity filtration. The mixture is filtered using a filter funnel, ND the solid is collected on filter paper. The supernatant liquid runs through the filter paper and collects in a beaker.This resulting filtered solution is called the filtrate. Step IV: Chemistry ‘V. Dissolving Cue(s) with sulfuric acid, HASPS(as) In Part ‘V, the Cue precipitate is dissolved using sulfuric acid, HASPS(as). This redo reaction returns copper to its aqueous phase. Step V: Chemistry V. Reducing Cue+ ions with Zinc Metal In Part V, zinc metal (Zen) is added to the copper solution to convert the copper ions back to copper metal, Cue(s). The resulting solution will contain colorless zinc ions, Zen+(as) and copper solid. Visible evidence of this reaction is observed as bubbles of gas being released from the solution. Since the HUH+ ions do not dissolve the Cue metal, the amount of copper yielded is not affected by excess acid. ) Identify the gas displaced from the acid in this reaction. When the solution becomes colorless, all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue metal. All of the excess Zen metal is also converted to Zen+ ion by the excess HUH+ ions from the sulfuric acid, HASPS(subdued to dissolve the Cue precipitate in Part IV. Once all the Zen metal is dissolved, the Cue metal can be isolated by decanting, or pouring off, the supernatant liquid. The Cue will then be rinsed, dried, and weighed as described in the procedure. Age 5 of 12 In this experiment, you will carry out a series of reactions starting with copper metal. This will give you practice handling chemical reagents and making observations. It is typical for scientists to observe materials before they react, what happens during a reaction and how it lo oks when the reaction has come to completion. The product of the final reaction will be copper metal and the percent copper that is recovered will be calculated. **Lab Notebook** You should include one table that contains the mass of copper at the beginning and ND of the experiment along with % of copper recovered.This table should include: Mass of copper at the start of experiment (in Part l) Mass of copper + evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of empty evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of copper recovered (from Part V) Percent of copper recovered Record observations for each of the steps (I-V) of the copper cycle in your lab book. Be sure to label each step (I-V). The observations for each step should include: the appearance of the reactants before the reaction the appearance of the reactants during the reaction (for example, bubbles, flames, etc. The appearance of the products after the reaction.Your observations should include state(s) of matter, color, texture, smell, etc. Wh ere applicable. If your observations are not detailed, you may not receive full credit. One step also requires a specific chemical test using litmus paper to check for acidity. Be sure to also record the results of these tests in your lab notebook. **You will turn in worksheet pages 11-12 along with the duplicate pages from your lab notebook. Step l: Procedure – Oxidation Cue with concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as) 1 . Place a sample of weighing paper in the balance. Tare the balance, so it reads 0. 0000 g. Use forceps to transfer about 0. 5-0. 40 g of Cue strips onto the weighing paper. Record the mass of the Cue strips. Transfer the Cue strips into a clean 250-ml beaker labeled with one of your group member's initials. Record the appearance of the copper metal in your lab report. CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid is highly corrosive, so it can cause severe chemical burns and damage clothing. Handle with care and avoid breathing the fumes. Any nitric acid spilled on skin mus t be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any acid spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire rear should be washed and dried.CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper metal to form brown toxic NON gas. Leave the reaction beaker in the fume hood until all of the brown gas is vented in the hood. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The Copper Cycle page 6 of 12 2. In a fume hood, use a 10-ml graduated cylinder to carefully measure about 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). Slowly pour the nitric acid onto the Cue strips in the beaker, swirling the beaker to maximize contact between the Cue and nitric acid until all of the solid Cue has dissolved and the NON gas has escaped.Keep the action beaker in the hood until all the toxic brown NON gas is gone, and keep your face away from the hood to avoid inhaling nitric acid fumes and NON gas. Describe the reaction between HON. and the Cue metal in your lab report. 3. Dilute the resulting solution with about 10 ml o f denizen water. Describe the appearance of the resulting solution containing Cue+ in your data table. Step II: Chemistry – Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) left over from the previous part. Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ complex ion to form a gelatinous blue Cue(OH)2 precipitate.Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms. Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. The picture sequence on the next page outlines the step-by-step process that occurs during this step. Step II: Procedure – Precipitating Cue(OH)2 with Noah solution CAUTION: Sodium hydroxide (Noah) can easily damage eyes. It is corrosive and can cause chemical burns and damage clothing. Any Noah splashed into eyes or spilled on skin must be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any base spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire area should be washed and dried. Whil e constantly stirring the Cue solution, slowly add MM Noah(as) from the dropper bottles. First, the OH- from the Noah added will neutralize the excess acid left over from Part l. 2. Once all the acid is neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ to form Cue(OH)2(s), a blue precipitate. Record what you observe in your lab report. When adding more Noah does not produce more precipitate, the solution can be tested to determine if all the Cue+ has been precipitated and additional OH- has made the solution basic. Use red litmus paper to test if the solution is basic as follows.Without stubbing any precipitate, use a glass stir rod to place a drop of solution (NOT the precipitate) on a piece of red litmus paper. If it turns blue, the solution is basic. Stop adding Noah when the solution turns red litmus paper blue. Describe your litmus test in your lab report. Page 7 of 12 Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of part II 1st Beaker: Check solution using red litmus paper (r efer to background handout). Continue adding base until solution is basic. At the end of Part I Cue+ ions are present, making the solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. D Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions ions are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: 5th Beaker: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic. Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution.In reality, your solution may still appear blue because of the dispersion of the Cue(OH)2 in the solution by mixing. Step Ill: Procedure – Converting Cue( OH)2(s) to Cue(s) 1. Set up a ring stand as shown in the figure at the right. Set up a ring clamp, and put a wire gauze on top of it. Above it, attach another ring clamp with a diameter large enough to go around a 250-ml beaker. You are going to set your 250 ml beaker on the lower ring and gauze. The upper clamp will hold the beaker in place so it does not fall. 2. Add about 30-40 ml of denizen water to your reaction beaker from Part II.Carefully place the beaker on the ring stand inside the upper ring. CAUTION: Gently heat the beaker over a medium flame. (Set the inner cone of the Bunsen burner flame to a height of about 1. 5 inch and the lower ring stand about 4 inches above the top of the Bunsen burner). Constantly stir the solution with the glass end of the stirring rod until all the blue precipitate turns black, and the solution is clear. If the solution starts to bump or boil, immediately remove the beaker from the heat and let the solution cool slightly. Describe what happens to the Cue(OH)2 precipitate upon heating in your lab port. Age 8 of 12 3. Allow the beaker and contents to cool. While they are cooling, set up the gravity filtration apparatus. Obtain a second ring stand, and attach a ring clamp that is small enough to hold the plastic funnel. Prepare the filter paper as shown below: Finally, place the plastic funnel in the small ring clamp, and place a 400-ml beaker beneath it to collect the filtrate (the liquid that goes through the filter paper). The funnel's stem should be Just inside the beaker to prevent splashing. 4. Use the markings on a clean 150-ml beaker to measure out about 25 ml of denizen water.Boil the water on a hotplate to wash the precipitate in step 6. 5. When the 250-ml reaction beaker has cooled to room temperature, pour the Cue precipitate into the funnel to filter the contents. Transfer the last traces of the solid from the reaction beaker into the funnel, using a stream of denizen water. 6. Use a disposable pipette to wash the precipitate on the filter paper using the hot denizen water heated in the 150-ml beaker. Allow each portion of hot water to drain through the filter paper into the beaker below before adding the next portion. Use 15 ml of the hot denizen water to thoroughly wash the Cue precipitate. Copper Cycle CH 130 B: General Chemistry I The Lab Report As a scientist you are responsible for conveying the results of an experiment to a supervisor, a colleague, or the public. Often, you will convey this information in the form of a scientific paper describing your work. This paper needs to clearly describe why and how an experiment was done, and it must include an interpretation of results, including a discussion of their importance and any significant sources of error. You lab report will be a brief version of a publication.It should contain the following sections: Introduction This part of the paper should be an explanation of the purpose of the experiments and a review of relevant principles related to the work. This is NOT a procedure. Data and Calculations Attach your graded summary sheet from the experiment. If you did any calculations incorrectly, attach a sheet with correct calculations. In addition to the summary sheet include a table which details observations and known informatio n. What did the solutions look like, what were their concentrations, etc.?Results and Discussion This part of the report should include an in-depth discussion of your data and observations, in essay form. Again, do not rewrite a detailed procedure here, but summarize what you did in the experiment. Describe what you observed. What do your results tell you? Explain whether your results matched your expected results. If they didn’t (and they surely didn’t match exactly) discuss the reasons why this might be the case. What are the possible sources of error?How would each of these sources of error affect the result? Convince yourself and your reader that you are correct in your conclusions. Reiterate your data in relation to your conclusions. You should be able to explain the chemistry that is occurring in the experiment. Please remember the basic principles of writing. Your lab report must be mechanically correct (grammar and punctuation). It is your responsibility to che ck your grammar and spelling. You will be graded on this. How is a lab report different than an English paper? Lab reports are written in third person, passive, past tense. †¢ The rough draft and final draft can be double-sided, but they must be double-spaced. †¢ Lab reports use simple, declarative sentences that connect observations to conclusions. †¢ The simplest way to say something is often the best. There is no page or word requirement. Say what you have to say so that your reader understands. Common mistakes to avoid: †¢ Try not to start your introduction with â€Å"the purpose of this experiment† or a similar phrase. Compounds/elements are not proper nouns. Do not capitalize them. †¢ Use superscripts and subscripts. †¢ Proofread!! This lab report should be approximately 2 pages long. You will all write the lab report for the same experiment. The experiment is labeled on your schedule as â€Å"Cu Cycle. † A completed rough draft of y our lab report is due on (or before) October 22. The rough draft will be counted as half of the total grade for the paper. The final draft of your report will be due on November 26 in class. Copper Cycle The Copper Cycle Most of the background material for this laboratory will be covered in greater detail in the lecture course later in the semester. Here is some background information so you will understand the chemistry behind the reactions you will perform. Many aspects of our lives involve chemical reactions-?from the batteries that power our cars and cell phones to the thousands of processes occurring within our bodies. Most of these reactions can be classified into one of three main types of chemical reactions: precipitation reactions, acid-base naturalization reactions, and oxidation- deduction (also called â€Å"redo†) reactions.Aqueous Solutions(as) Many reactions occur in an aqueous environment (I. E. , in a solution where ions and compounds are dissolved in water). When we indicate that a reactant or product has the physical state (as), we mean the substance is dissolved in water. When an ionic compound is in aqueous solution, the individual ions are present in solut ion; for example, NCAA(as) exists as An+ and CLC- ions moving around in water. Solubility Rules Many ionic compounds are soluble-?I. E. , they dissolve in water.Others generally do not dissolve in water and are considered insoluble. To determine if an ionic compound is soluble-?I. E. , will dissolve-?in water, we use the Solubility Rules: Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water The compound is SOLUBLE if it has: An+, NH 4+ ton (ALWAYS! ) 2. CHICHI-, NON-, CHIC- 3. CLC-, BRB-, or 1-, except compounds with Gag+, BP+2, and Hag+2 are insoluble 4. SASS- except compounds with Saga's, cases, scars, Bases, PBS, and Haggis are insoluble The compound is INSOLUBLE if it has: 5.CHIC-, crack-, IPPP-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+ are soluble 6. SO-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+, ca+2, sir+2, AAA+2 are soluble . Hydroxide ion, OH-, except compounds The Solubility Rules indicate which compounds are soluble, and thus are represented as aqueous: e. G. , Kill(as), Abaca(a s), Noah(as), etc. The Solubility Rules also indicate which compounds are insoluble-?I. E. , do not dissolve in water and remain as solids: e. G. Basso+), Call(s), cacao(s), etc.Double Replacement/Precipitation Reaction For example, consider the reaction between aqueous lead(al) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide, as shown below: KGB(as) Puff KNEE Note that the chemical formulas for the products formed are based on their charges, to how they appear on the reactant side of the chemical equation. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The copper cycle O ICC, 2013 page 1 of 12 Based on Solubility Rules #4 and #1, we find that BRB is insoluble and KNEE is soluble.Thus, the complete, balanced equation is: + 2 KGB(as) Pacific) + 2 KNEE(as) We can cancel the spectator ions from the ionic equation and write the net ionic equation: Pub+(as) + 2 BRB -(as) 0 BRB(s) This reaction produces a cloudy mixture with small particles of the solid suspended in the solution. When enough solid has formed, it will begin to settle at the bottom of the beaker. Thus, a clear solution becoming cloudy when another solution is added is often taken as experimental evidence of a solid or precipitate forming.Acids and Bases Acids can be defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (HUH+) when they are dissolved in water. A hydroxide ion is the product of a hydrogen ion that reacts with a water molecule: H+(as) + H2O(l) 0 HUH+(as). A hydrated hydrogen ion (H+(as)) is equivalent to an aqueous hydroxide ion. The two equations below both represent the unionization of hydrochloric acid, HCI(as), but the second one shows a particular water molecule explicitly. HCI(as) O H+(as) + CLC-(as)HCI(as) + H2O(l) O HUH+(as) + CLC-(as) Acids are usually easy to recognize since their formulas start with H and contains nonmetal elements other than H-?e. G. HCI(as), HON.(as), and HASPS(as) are all acids. Note that the physical state aqueous, (as), must be included to distinguish a compound that is acting like an acid from o ther forms of a substance. For example, the formula â€Å"HCI† can also be used for hydrogen chloride gas, HCI(g), so to indicate aqueous hydrochloric acid, one must specify HCI(as). One useful definition of bases is that bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.The dissociation of sodium hydroxide, Noah, is shown below. : Noah(s) Noah(as) which is equivalent to An+(as) + OH-(as) Acid-Base Naturalization Reactions In an acid-base naturalization reaction, a hydrogen ion-containing acid reacts with a hydromechanics's base to produce water and a salt (an ionic compound): HCI(as) + Noah(as) O acid base H2O(l) + Niacin(as) water salt Acids can react with bases, regardless of whether the salt is soluble or insoluble. There are other types of acids and bases that can react without forming water.If the reactants and products of an acid/base reaction are colorless and soluble, it is impossible to monitor the progress of an acid-base reaction based solely on the appearance of the solutions. To help us monitor acid-base reactions, we use litmus paper to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. Litmus paper changes color depending on the presence of H+ or OH- ions in the substance being tested. Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions containing H+ ions, and red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions containing OH- ions. Age 2 of 12 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions In an oxidation/reduction reaction, electrons are transferred from one reactant to the other. In the simplest form of these reactions, single-displacement reactions (also called single-replacement reactions), metal ions react with pure metals. If the reaction proceeds, the pure metal gives electrons to the metal action. This causes the pure metal to become a action and the action to become a pure metal. The action must always have an anion partner which is present either in an ionic solid or in a solution.For example: MGM(s) + 2 Gag+(as) 0 2 Gag(s) + MGM+(a s) metal action If the charge of an element is changing, that is a good indication that an oxidation/ reduction reaction is taking place. Later in the semester you will learn about oxidation numbers which are used to keep track of more complicated oxidation/ reduction reactions. Step l: Chemistry The different copper species obtained in each part is shown in Equation 1 below: cue(S) Part I cue+(as) Part II part Ill cue(S) part Part V blue l.Oxidation Copper Metal with Concentrated Nitric Acid, HON.(as) The first step involves transforming Cue metal to copper(al) ions, Cue+, using concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). At the same time, the nitrate ions (NON-) undergo a series of reactions to form nitrogen monoxide, NO. This product rapidly reacts with oxygen in the air to form NON, a brown gas. The presence of Cue+(as) makes the solution blue. When the reaction mixture is diluted with water, the Cue+ ions are hydrated (surrounded by water) to form the octahedral complex ion, [Cue(H2O)6 ]2+, as shown below.Six water molecules (shown as red O and white H atoms) are bonded to a Cue+ ion (shown in gray as the central atom). Cue+(as) + 6 H2O(l) 0 [Cue(H2O)6]2+(as) Figure 1 page 3 of 12 Step II: Chemistry II. Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) In Part II, two reactions are carried out by adding Noah(as). In the first reaction, the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the Noah(as) neutralize the excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) feet over from the previous part: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 2 H2O(l) Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ ion to form Cue(OH)2 precipitate. Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms.Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. Figure 2 on the next page shows the step-wise reaction of Cue+ with Noah. Figure 2: Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of Cue(OH)2 in Part II – Remember: [Cue(H2O)]2+ indicates the same substance as Cue+. 1st Beaker: At the end of Part I, hydrated copper complex, Cue+ are present, making he solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. 2nd Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions neutralizing the HUH+ ions to form water: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 0 2 H2O(l).The An+ ions and resulting water molecules are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. Water molecules released from the complex ion are not shown. 5th Beaker: When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic.Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution. Step Ill: Chemistry Ill. Converting solid Cue(OH) 2 to solid Cue In Part Ill of the sequence, the reaction mixture is heated. This transforms the Cue(OH)2 precipitate to Cue precipitate. Page 4 of 12 The Cue precipitate is separated from the solution, called the supernatant liquid, using a method called gravity filtration. The mixture is filtered using a filter funnel, ND the solid is collected on filter paper. The supernatant liquid runs through the filter paper and collects in a beaker.This resulting filtered solution is called the filtrate. Step IV: Chemistry ‘V. Dissolving Cue(s) with sulfuric acid, HASPS(as) In Part ‘V, the Cue precipitate is dissolved using sulfuric acid, HASPS(as). This redo reaction returns copper to its aqueous phase. Step V: Chemistry V. Reducing Cue+ ions with Zinc Metal In Part V, zinc metal (Zen) is added to the copper solution to convert the copper ions back to copper metal, Cue(s). The resulting solution will contain colorless zinc ions, Zen+(as) and copper solid. Visible evidence of this reaction is observed as bubbles of gas being released from the solution. Since the HUH+ ions do not dissolve the Cue metal, the amount of copper yielded is not affected by excess acid. ) Identify the gas displaced from the acid in this reaction. When the solution becomes colorless, all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue metal. All of the excess Zen metal is also converted to Zen+ ion by the excess HUH+ ions from the sulfuric acid, HASPS(subdued to dissolve the Cue precipitate in Part IV. Once all the Zen metal is dissolved, the Cue metal can be isolated by decanting, or pouring off, the supernatant liquid. The Cue will then be rinsed, dried, and weighed as described in the procedure. Age 5 of 12 In this experiment, you will carry out a series of reactions starting with copper metal. This will give you practice handling chemical reagents and making observations. It is typical for scientists to observe materials before they react, what happens during a reaction and how it lo oks when the reaction has come to completion. The product of the final reaction will be copper metal and the percent copper that is recovered will be calculated. **Lab Notebook** You should include one table that contains the mass of copper at the beginning and ND of the experiment along with % of copper recovered.This table should include: Mass of copper at the start of experiment (in Part l) Mass of copper + evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of empty evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of copper recovered (from Part V) Percent of copper recovered Record observations for each of the steps (I-V) of the copper cycle in your lab book. Be sure to label each step (I-V). The observations for each step should include: the appearance of the reactants before the reaction the appearance of the reactants during the reaction (for example, bubbles, flames, etc. The appearance of the products after the reaction.Your observations should include state(s) of matter, color, texture, smell, etc. Wh ere applicable. If your observations are not detailed, you may not receive full credit. One step also requires a specific chemical test using litmus paper to check for acidity. Be sure to also record the results of these tests in your lab notebook. **You will turn in worksheet pages 11-12 along with the duplicate pages from your lab notebook. Step l: Procedure – Oxidation Cue with concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as) 1 . Place a sample of weighing paper in the balance. Tare the balance, so it reads 0. 0000 g. Use forceps to transfer about 0. 5-0. 40 g of Cue strips onto the weighing paper. Record the mass of the Cue strips. Transfer the Cue strips into a clean 250-ml beaker labeled with one of your group member's initials. Record the appearance of the copper metal in your lab report. CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid is highly corrosive, so it can cause severe chemical burns and damage clothing. Handle with care and avoid breathing the fumes. Any nitric acid spilled on skin mus t be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any acid spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire rear should be washed and dried.CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper metal to form brown toxic NON gas. Leave the reaction beaker in the fume hood until all of the brown gas is vented in the hood. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The Copper Cycle page 6 of 12 2. In a fume hood, use a 10-ml graduated cylinder to carefully measure about 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). Slowly pour the nitric acid onto the Cue strips in the beaker, swirling the beaker to maximize contact between the Cue and nitric acid until all of the solid Cue has dissolved and the NON gas has escaped.Keep the action beaker in the hood until all the toxic brown NON gas is gone, and keep your face away from the hood to avoid inhaling nitric acid fumes and NON gas. Describe the reaction between HON. and the Cue metal in your lab report. 3. Dilute the resulting solution with about 10 ml o f denizen water. Describe the appearance of the resulting solution containing Cue+ in your data table. Step II: Chemistry – Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) left over from the previous part. Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ complex ion to form a gelatinous blue Cue(OH)2 precipitate.Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms. Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. The picture sequence on the next page outlines the step-by-step process that occurs during this step. Step II: Procedure – Precipitating Cue(OH)2 with Noah solution CAUTION: Sodium hydroxide (Noah) can easily damage eyes. It is corrosive and can cause chemical burns and damage clothing. Any Noah splashed into eyes or spilled on skin must be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any base spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire area should be washed and dried. Whil e constantly stirring the Cue solution, slowly add MM Noah(as) from the dropper bottles. First, the OH- from the Noah added will neutralize the excess acid left over from Part l. 2. Once all the acid is neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ to form Cue(OH)2(s), a blue precipitate. Record what you observe in your lab report. When adding more Noah does not produce more precipitate, the solution can be tested to determine if all the Cue+ has been precipitated and additional OH- has made the solution basic. Use red litmus paper to test if the solution is basic as follows.Without stubbing any precipitate, use a glass stir rod to place a drop of solution (NOT the precipitate) on a piece of red litmus paper. If it turns blue, the solution is basic. Stop adding Noah when the solution turns red litmus paper blue. Describe your litmus test in your lab report. Page 7 of 12 Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of part II 1st Beaker: Check solution using red litmus paper (r efer to background handout). Continue adding base until solution is basic. At the end of Part I Cue+ ions are present, making the solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. D Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions ions are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: 5th Beaker: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic. Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution.In reality, your solution may still appear blue because of the dispersion of the Cue(OH)2 in the solution by mixing. Step Ill: Procedure – Converting Cue( OH)2(s) to Cue(s) 1. Set up a ring stand as shown in the figure at the right. Set up a ring clamp, and put a wire gauze on top of it. Above it, attach another ring clamp with a diameter large enough to go around a 250-ml beaker. You are going to set your 250 ml beaker on the lower ring and gauze. The upper clamp will hold the beaker in place so it does not fall. 2. Add about 30-40 ml of denizen water to your reaction beaker from Part II.Carefully place the beaker on the ring stand inside the upper ring. CAUTION: Gently heat the beaker over a medium flame. (Set the inner cone of the Bunsen burner flame to a height of about 1. 5 inch and the lower ring stand about 4 inches above the top of the Bunsen burner). Constantly stir the solution with the glass end of the stirring rod until all the blue precipitate turns black, and the solution is clear. If the solution starts to bump or boil, immediately remove the beaker from the heat and let the solution cool slightly. Describe what happens to the Cue(OH)2 precipitate upon heating in your lab port. Age 8 of 12 3. Allow the beaker and contents to cool. While they are cooling, set up the gravity filtration apparatus. Obtain a second ring stand, and attach a ring clamp that is small enough to hold the plastic funnel. Prepare the filter paper as shown below: Finally, place the plastic funnel in the small ring clamp, and place a 400-ml beaker beneath it to collect the filtrate (the liquid that goes through the filter paper). The funnel's stem should be Just inside the beaker to prevent splashing. 4. Use the markings on a clean 150-ml beaker to measure out about 25 ml of denizen water.Boil the water on a hotplate to wash the precipitate in step 6. 5. When the 250-ml reaction beaker has cooled to room temperature, pour the Cue precipitate into the funnel to filter the contents. Transfer the last traces of the solid from the reaction beaker into the funnel, using a stream of denizen water. 6. Use a disposable pipette to wash the precipitate on the filter paper using the hot denizen water heated in the 150-ml beaker. Allow each portion of hot water to drain through the filter paper into the beaker below before adding the next portion. Use 15 ml of the hot denizen water to thoroughly wash the Cue precipitate.